Architecture Overview

RP1 is built on a modular architecture optimized for high throughput, low latency, and optional privacy.

System Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        Application Layer                         │
│  ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐           │
│  │ Privacy  │ │   UTA    │ │ InstaWrap│ │  Lending │           │
│  │ Module   │ │  Module  │ │  Module  │ │  Module  │           │
│  └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘           │
│  ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐           │
│  │  Oracle  │ │   DEX    │ │ Fee Burn │ │   EVM    │           │
│  │  Module  │ │  Module  │ │  Module  │ │  Module  │           │
│  └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘           │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                        Core Layer                                │
│  ┌──────────────────┐  ┌──────────────────┐                     │
│  │ Encrypted Mempool │  │  ZK Proof Engine │                     │
│  │ (MEV Protection)  │  │  (gnark/Groth16) │                     │
│  └──────────────────┘  └──────────────────┘                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                      Consensus Layer                             │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │               CometBFT (Tendermint Core)                  │   │
│  │           200ms blocks • Instant finality                 │   │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                       Network Layer                              │
│  ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐   │
│  │                    P2P / libp2p                           │   │
│  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Core Components

Consensus Engine

RP1 uses CometBFT (formerly Tendermint) for Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus:

Parameter	Value	Description
Block Time	200-500ms	Time between blocks
Finality	Instant	No confirmation wait
BFT Threshold	2/3+	Required for consensus
Validators	100	Initial validator set

Module Architecture

RP1 follows Cosmos SDK's module pattern:

// Each module implements these interfaces
type AppModule interface {
    Name() string
    RegisterServices(cfg module.Configurator)
    InitGenesis(ctx sdk.Context, cdc codec.JSONCodec, data json.RawMessage)
    ExportGenesis(ctx sdk.Context, cdc codec.JSONCodec) json.RawMessage
}

State Management

• ORM-based storage using cosmossdk.io/orm
• Collections for type-safe state access
• Merkle tree proofs for light clients

Transaction Flow

1. User signs transaction
       ↓
2. Transaction enters encrypted mempool
       ↓
3. Threshold decryption at block proposal
       ↓
4. Transaction ordering (fair, no MEV)
       ↓
5. Execution in parallel where possible
       ↓
6. State commitment to Merkle tree
       ↓
7. Block finalized via CometBFT

Privacy Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│           Privacy Module                 │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │     Shielded Pool (Commitments) │    │
│  └─────────────────────────────────┘    │
│  ┌─────────────┐  ┌─────────────────┐   │
│  │ Ring Sigs   │  │  Viewing Keys   │   │
│  │ (Decoys)    │  │  (Auditability) │   │
│  └─────────────┘  └─────────────────┘   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │   gnark ZK Circuit Engine       │    │
│  │   (Groth16 on BN254 curve)      │    │
│  └─────────────────────────────────┘    │
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Performance Optimizations

Parallel Execution

• Independent transactions execute in parallel
• State dependencies tracked for ordering

Lane-Based Mempool

High Priority    ─────────────────────→  Processed first
Medium Priority  ─────────────────────→  Standard processing
Low Priority     ─────────────────────→  Background processing

Aggressive Consensus Timeouts

TimeoutPropose:   100ms  // Block proposal timeout
TimeoutPrevote:   50ms   // Prevote round timeout
TimeoutPrecommit: 50ms   // Precommit round timeout
TimeoutCommit:    100ms  // Inter-block delay

Module Interactions

                    ┌──────────┐
                    │  Oracle  │──── Price Feeds
                    └────┬─────┘
                         │
         ┌───────────────┼───────────────┐
         ↓               ↓               ↓
    ┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐
    │   UTA   │    │ Lending │    │   DEX   │
    │(Margin) │    │ (Borrow)│    │ (Swap)  │
    └────┬────┘    └────┬────┘    └────┬────┘
         │              │              │
         └──────────────┼──────────────┘
                        ↓
                  ┌──────────┐
                  │ Fee Burn │──── 50% burned
                  └──────────┘

Security Model

Layer	Security Mechanism
Consensus	BFT with 2/3+ threshold
Transactions	Ed25519/Secp256k1 signatures
Privacy	Groth16 zkSNARK proofs
MEV	Threshold encryption (t-of-n)
Bridge	Multi-sig + fraud proofs

Next Steps

• Consensus Deep Dive
• Privacy Architecture
• MEV Resistance